Haida Gwaii's northern goshawks: Highly distinct and at risk

Haida Gwaii's small population of northern goshawks—already of great concern to conservationists—are the last remnant of a highly distinct genetic cluster of the birds, according to a new genomic analysis by University of British Columbia researchers.

“Goshawks across the British Columbia Coast appear to be declining, however, the distinct Haida Gwaii population is at a particularly high risk of extinction with such a small population size,” says Kenneth Askelson, a researcher with the UBC Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, who co-led the study.

Latest counts puts the population on the archipelago at roughly 50. The genomic findings add new context and impetus to efforts to save this vulnerable pocket of goshawks, which are one of BC’s most iconic birds of prey.

“Accurate knowledge of geographic ranges and genetic relationships among populations is important when managing a species or population of conservation concern,” said Darren Irwin, senior author on the paper. “This is a major step in drawing those boundaries for one iconic species.”

The diminishing population of northern goshawks across British Columbia’s Coast (estimated at roughly 1,200 within British Columbia), and continued habitat loss, have led to the laingi subspecies being listed as threatened under the Canadian Species at Risk Act.

But debate over which individual northern goshawks should be considered part of the threatened laingi subspecies—and the crucial question of what geographic areas should be considered within their range—has complicated conservation efforts.

The paper, published today in Evolutionary Applications, is one of the first to use genomics to inspect biodiversity on Haida Gwaii.

“This underscores the importance of conservation-related studies of genetic variation—too often, biodiversity vanishes invisibly,” says Armando Geraldes, who co-led the study with Askelson.

The researchers estimate the distinct population of birds may have been evolving separately on Haida Gwaii for 20,000 years. Percy Algernon Taverner (a prominent Canadian ornithologist) was the first to describe the laingi goshawk on Haida Gwaii in 1940—identifying them as darker than other examples of the bird.

“There may be many unique subspecies that occur only on Haida Gwaii—an indication that the area is a very unique biogeographic region with many distinct lineages of species that have been poorly studied,” says Askelson.

The research was funded by Genome British Columbia, the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Coast Forest Products Association, Western Forest Products, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.